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Játtað í: 2012 Granskingarøki: Mentan Verkætlanarslag: Ph.d.verkætlan Verkætlanarheiti: “Freedom of Expression” vs. “Defamation of Religion” in the UN Human Rights Council: Examining the Clash Játtanarnummar: 0222 Verkætlanarleiðari: Heini í Skorini Stovnur/virki: King's College London Verkætlanarskeið: 01.09.2012-31.08.2015 Samlaður kostnaður: 997.557 kr. Stuðul úr Granskingargrunninum: 665.038 kr. Verkætlanarlýsing: Original The global debate on the status of religion and the limits of free speech has intensified over the last few years. From the Rushdie affair and Jyllandsposten´s cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad to the UN Durban II & III conferences and controversial blasphemy laws in both East and West, the debate on the challenges of multiculturalism, the foundations of liberal democracy, the limits of free speech/expression and the call to combat religious discrimination has divided governments, oppositions, academics and commentators in both East and West. This dispute has been particularly visible in the UN Human Rights Council (before 2006 the UN Commission on Human Rights), which has adopted several resolutions condemning "defamation of religion” from 1999 onwards. These motions aim to prohibit expressions against religion that fuel “discrimination, intolerance and social disharmony”, and one recent resolution combating defamation of religion was brought forward by Pakistan in March 2010 on behalf of the OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference), a transnational alliance of 57 Islamic member states. From its establishment in 2006 the UNHRC has been divided into two main camps, with the Islamic bloc and much of the developing world supporting resolutions aiming to combat defamation of religion, and most Western states opposing and arguing that these resolutions legitimize authoritarian censorship, undermine the freedom of expression and the legal right to criticize all religions. One camp insists that the right to criticize all religious convictions and practice is indisputable in a liberal democracy, rooted in European philosophical heritage. The other camp argues that unrestrained use of free speech may lead to intolerance, discrimination, hate speech and mounting hostilities between groups of different religious beliefs and cultural affiliations. The aim of this project is to explore the debates and disagreements regarding freedom of expression and religion in the UN Human Rights Council and to examine the underlying cultural and philosophical disagreements between the member states, not only in a West vs. East logic, but also as a dispute in the West per se. With social constructivism as theoretical framework, emphasizing the ideational and value-based forces of international politics, and the discourse analysis as methodological approach, the project poses this main question: What constitutes the conflict between UN member states´ human rights discourse concerning freedom of expression vs. defamation of religion? And how do these discourses manifest themselves? Final Globala kjakið um talufrælsið og religión er harðnað seinnu árini. Frá deyðadóminum yvir Salman Rushdie fyrst í nítiárunum til donsku Muhammed-tekningarnar í 2005 og Charlie Hebdo-massakruna í París í januar 2015 hevur spurningurin um talufrælsið og mørk tess verið ein støðug kelda tíl ósemjur bæði í og uttanfyri vesturheimin. Tí hvar ganga mørkini fyri talufrælsinum í mun til átrúnað? Skal tað vera loyvt at spotta og niðurgera átrúnað? Hvat sigur altjóða lóg um blasfemi, haturstalu og minnilutaverju? Hesir spurningar hava serliga sett dagsskránna í mannarættindaráðnum (Human Rights Council) í ST í Geneve, sum frá 1999-2010 samtykti eina resolutión, sum forbjóðar at útspilla ella ærumeiða allan átrúnað (”defamation of religions”). Høvuðsdrívmegin handan hesa resolutión hevur verið tann muslimski paraply-felagsskapurin OIC, sum er ein yvirstatsligur felagsskapur við 57 limalondum úr tí muslimska heiminum, og sum serliga verður stýrdur av londum sum Pakistan og Saudi Arabia. Yvirskipaða endamálið hjá OIC er at kriminalisera útspilling ella ærumeiðing av religión við nýggjum løgfrøðiligum amboðum í altjóða lóg. Hinvegin hevur vesturheimurin arbeitt ímóti hesi dagsskrá og tvíhildið um, at OIC hóttir talufrælsið globalt, og at OIC roynir at eksportera religiøsan sensur til restina av heiminum, soleiðis sum hesin verður praktiseraður ymsastaðni í tí muslimska heiminum. Hendan ritgerðin er ein diskursanalytisk viðgerð av hesi altjóða ósemjuni og kannar, hvussu ymsu partarnir ”freyma” (frame) síni sjónarmið í ST. OIC hevur grundgivið fyri, at ærumeiðandi kritikkur av átrúnaði er eitt mannarættindabrot og ein manifestatión av t.d. rasismu, haturstalu og intoleransu. Sensurur er við øðrum orðum neyðugur fyri at verja mannarættindini, og sensurur er eisini neyðugur fyri at fyribyrgja kríggi og ófriði. Vesturheimurin hevur hinvegin tvíhildið um, at mannarættindini skulu ikki verja religión og religiøsar hugmyndir – tey skulu bara verja einstaklingar ímóti forfylging og diskriminatión. Ritgerðin vísir, at allir partar royna at ”freyma” síni sjónarmið við støði í mannarættindunum og ein sekulerum og liberalum diskursi. Og ritgerðin vísir, hvussu allir partar brúka mannarættindini fyri at promovera fullkomiliga mótstríðandi áhugamál. Við øðrum orðum kunnu ”mannarættindini” brúkast til hvat sum helst. Tey kunnu brúkast til at verja einstaklingar og minnilutar ímóti statsligari kúgan og forfylging, men tey kunnu eisini brúkast til at rættvísgera religiøsan sensur og autoritera kúgan ímóti einstaklingum og minnilutum, sum finnast at ráðandi normum og hugsjónum. Ritgerðin dregur ta niðurstøðu, at ”mannarættindini” eru einki í sjálvum sær. Tey verða hvønn dag konstruerað, dekonstruerað og rekonstruerað av rivaliserandi politiskum aktørum, sum kappast um at definera, hvat mannarættindini merkja, og hvat tað vil siga at verja og virða altjóða lóg og altjóða normar. Støða: Liðug Avrik: Ph.d.-ritgerðin varð vard 5. mai 2017. Vísindaligar greinar, bøkur, ritgerðir v.m. ”Hate speech and holy prophets: Tracing the OIC's strategies to protect religion”. Heini í Skorini and Marie Juul Petersen. In Religion, the State and the United Nations (ed. Anne Stensvold). Routledge University Press. 2016. “OIC and Freedom of Expression: Justifying Religious Censorship Norms with Human Rights Language”. Heini í Skorini. In The Organization of Islamic Cooperation and Human Rights: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (edt. Marie Juul Petersen and Turan Kayaoglu). University of Pennsylvania Press. 2017 Akdemiskar framløgur 2016: “Don't Attack my Religion! The Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Struggle to Define International Free Speech Norms”. Conference on Religions and Human Rights. University of Padova, Italy. 2016: “American Free Speech Ideals at Home and Abroad”. Internal Meeting at the Free Debate Society. Copenhagen, Denmark. 2016: “Protecting Religion or Protecting Individuals: Between Free Speech and Hate Speech”. Conference in memory of professor Kári á Rógvi. The University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn. 2015: “Hate Speech and Holy Prophets”. Workshop at the University of Oslo, Norway. 2014: “Human Rights and Islam”. Opponent at the International Studies Association’s Human Rights Section’s Annual Conference in Istanbul, Turkey. 2014: Freedom of Expression and Defamation of Religion: Examining the Clash in the UN”. Conference in International Relations at Cumberland Lodge, King’s College, University of London, United Kingdom. Almannakunngerðing uttan fyri vísindaliga umhvørvið, t.d. fyrilestrar, tíðarrit, greinar í bløðum, sjónvarp og útvarp Úrvaldar greinar: ”Islam er og forbliver politik”. Weekendavisen #41 | 1.sektion | 14. Oktober - 20. Oktober 2016 ”Det amerikanske paradoks”. Weekendavisen #25 | Ideer | 24. Juni - 30. Juni 2016 ”Frihed fra synd”. Weekendavisen #23 | 1.sektion | 10. Juni - 16. Juni 2016 ”Ateisme er terrorisme”. Weekendavisen #30 | Kultur | 24. Juli - 30. Juli 2015 ”En hugorm med læbestift”. Weekendavisen #25 | 1.sektion | 19. Juni - 25. Juni 2015 ”Hellig sperm”. Weekendavisen #14 | Kultur | 1. April - 7. April 2015 « De islamiske staters hykleri», Berlingske, januar 2015 ”Den islamiske renæssance”. Weekendavisen #6 | Ideer | 6. Februar - 12. Februar 2015 ”Kulturer er ikke fængselsceller”. Weekendavisen #34 | 1.sektion | 22. August - 28. August 2014 ”Receptionisten og relativismen”. Weekendavisen #26 | Bøger | 27. Juni - 3. Juli 2014 ”Den gudløse glidebane”. Weekendavisen #50 | 1.sektion | 13. December - 19. December 2013 ”Med sharia skal man land bygge”. Weekendavisen #11 | 1.sektion | 15. Marts - 21. Marts 2013 ”Den frie tales klub”. Weekendavisen #39 | 1.sektion | 28. September - 4. Oktober 2012 << Back |
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